Static Universe and cosmological constant - back to original Einstein equation with empirical cosmological constant. Light matter absorbs light, heats, generates pressure and holds galaxies from coalescence.

        Since the observation of the light scattering by the unknown yet mechanism [1] the idea of interacting with light ultrasmall particles appeared as a possible solution to accelerated rotation of galaxies ("dark matter problem") [2]. How that matter may help to solve the old problem of Static Universe - why gravity is not forcing all the galaxies to coalesce? 

        Big Bang seems to be falling apart: too many galaxies, too early, too many gigantic black holes, old galaxies are way too early and even the shape of primordial galaxies as observed by James Webb Space Telescope is wrong [3]. The return to static Universe needs a solution of many problems which were always present in cosmology. While the idea of recycling of energy may solve the problem of enormous age of static Universe [4], the problem still present - why at the very long time of existence Universe is not clumped back into some gigantic super-galaxy? 

        The answer may be connected with described in [2] undiscovered yet matter which presumably scatter the light to the equilibrium Bose gas with weak interaction (according to Bogolubov, the weakly interacting Bose-gas with non-conserved number of particles will demonstrate exactly Bose-Einstein distribution with exactly zero chemical potential - Planks formula). The temperature of such light matter (light in both senses - ultra-small total energy in femto to pico eV range and interacting with light, visible through the light scattering) may be considered as much higher than photons temperature (similar in the hot plasma temperature of light electrons is much higher compare to lower temperature of heavy ions). The distribution of those particles is unknown (they may be fermions) but they certainly will have pressure. This pressure assuming how many of those particles is present on the outskirts of the galaxies [2] seems to be enough to prevent gravitational collapse of galaxies thus keeping the Universe in equilibrium.

       And the best way to describe this static Universe is actually going back to the original Einstein equation [5] as it was introduced in 1917 with cosmological constant being empirical term which describes approximately that pressure. Original Einstein idea was absolutely correct - the best approximation of Universe is static Universe, and original cosmological constant prevents it from coalescing. The exact nature of this empirical term was, of course, unknown at Einstein time, and possibly with further research in this static Universe it will be modified into several terms.

       In previous posts before the light scattering on James Webb Space Telescope was so clearly visible, I considered a different mechanism for accelerated rotations of galaxies - influence of gravitational dipoles of any particle including light [6]. This idea is still valid, but it seems that the contribution of this factor will be many orders of magnitude smaller compare to what is described in [2]. Only careful future experiments may find whether such gravitational dipole exists at all, while the light scattering is already observed by JWST.

References.

1.Tipikin: The higher Z, the stronger the effect of light scattering present in the supernova images. Supernova at Z=3.6 looks gigantic.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/01/the-higher-z-stronger-effect-of-light.html

2.Tipikin: Axionic dark matter possibility from light scattering demonstrated by JWST for high z objects.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/03/axionic-dark-matter-possibility-from.html

3.Tipikin: Circular and irregular shape of record-breaking galaxies observed by JWST hints onto the much larger distance between them and Earth. Thus again supporting the idea of light scattering and tired light instead of Big Bang.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/03/circular-and-irregular-shape-of-record.html

4.Tipikin: Energy-matter cycle (aka water cycle on Earth) instead of Big Bang idea. How energy is converted back to matter.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2022/04/energy-matter-cycle-aka-water-cycle-on.html

5.Cosmological constant - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant

6.2207.0131v1.pdf

https://vixra.org/pdf/2207.0131v1.pdf

Circular and irregular shape of record-breaking galaxies observed by JWST hints onto the much larger distance between them and Earth. Thus again supporting the idea of light scattering and tired light instead of Big Bang.

     The marvel of modern astrophysics, James Webb Space Telescope is making discovery after discovery and many of them puzzles the astrophysicists. Too many galaxies too early (according to Big Bang time line), little red dots with impossible velocities of gas near supermassive black hole (and such a black hole itself is too early for the young Universe etc.). While JWST already made several discoveries of galaxies at Z=13 and even 14, they all looks a little strange - all looks like circles, not even one has a classical oval shape (both spiral and elliptical galaxies at low resolution must be ovals). There is very low probability that all record-breaking galaxies are spirals observed at almost perpendicular to plane angle (that would make it looking perfect circle. 

     The explanation seems obvious - resolution of telescope is limited and by no means may JWST see details below its diffraction limit - approximately 3*10exp(-7) radian for wavelength of 2 um [1]. However, there is a problem here. Since according to Big Bang theory at high Z the difference at the observed distance with Z will be smaller and smaller, those galaxies are virtually all at the same distance of around 13 billions of light years. Even galaxy with Z=7 is actually 12.9 billions of light years away from us [2] - no real difference from the point of view of resolution of telescope. In order to evaluate the change of resolution from telescope to telescope, it is necessary first to see the galaxies at relatively high Z recorded by the predecessor of JWST - Hubble space telescope. Of course due to smaller mirror and absence of mid-IR capabilities it can not see galaxies at Z=13 and up (with some exceptions) but since galaxies with z=7-9 are almost at the same observational distance (~13 billions of light years if Big Bang is accepted) the comparison may be fair. The picture below is taken from [3] and the galaxies on photo are all with verified Z~8, and galaxies number 1,2,3,5 are looking like ovals.

It is easy to see, that Hubble Telescope indeed made photos of galaxies which looked as they should be - despite some of them are almost circles, many are ovals and even elongated ovals. Those galaxies if believe to Big Bang are all at ~13 billions of light years away. 

James Webb Space Telescope has larger mirror and thus must have better resolution (approximately 3 times better). It is clearly observed in the nearby Universe (say for Z~1). But since the galaxies at Z=12,13, 14 and up are almost at the same distance as galaxies at Z=8, JWST must deliver much better resolution of those galaxies (3 times better) and must see normal galaxies shapes (not dull circles all over again). Yet the discovery after discovery delivers the galaxies which looks like plain circle or irregular circle. The examples are: galaxy at Z=13 [4]

Galaxy at Z=14 [5]

Another galaxy at Z=13 [6]:

Another example of 4 galaxies all at the distance of ~13 billions of light years and all looking like circles [7]:

Sometimes galaxy with high Z has the elongated shape but it is situated in the field of strong lensing (so obviously distorted by lensing) [8]:

No improvement in resolution may be seen in resolution, despite from Big Bang idea they all are at approximately the same distance (around 13 billions of light years) as well as galaxies with Z~8 which are observed more or less normal already by Hubble telescope. Compare to the enormous improvement in resolution (Hubble made photos for upper row and JWST is for lower row) for galaxy cluster at Z~0.4 [9]:

Even assuming for high Z Hubble space telescope made pictures at central frequency around 1.6 um versus 2 um for James Webb Space Telescope (resolution is 1.25 worse for wavelength of 2 um compare to 1.6 um) the improvement in resolution still should be at least (6.5/2.4)*(1.6/2.0)=2.167 times (provided the Big Bang is correct, no light scattering is allowed and galaxies are at approximately the same distance of ~13 billions of light years). But obviously JWST only provides enormous improvement only at relatively low Z, not at high Z.

On the contrary, if the tired light hypothesis is accepted [10] situation changes dramatically. Now the distances for Z~14 would be much larger (Z~1 corresponds to ~10 billions of light years, Z=3 corresponds to ~20 billions of light years, Z=7 corresponds to ~30 billions of light years and Z=15 corresponds to ~40 billions of light years), so it is obvious that galaxies at high Z may be resolved poorer and it would need many hundreds of hours of accumulation to get the spectra (and that time must be almost the same in the case of Big Bang is right). Even more, the inevitable light scattering [10] will make the far galaxies blurred to the extent they may be only seen as a circle (and this circle is only having information about the light scattering properties, not initial galaxy oval view) [10,11]

It seems that even visual appearance of galaxies at high Z hints toward the paradigm shift from Big Bang cosmology to tired light cosmology. Both standard objects like supernovae at high Z (already visible at Z=3.6 and JWST is continuing the search) and non-standard objects like galaxies hints toward this decision. (The galaxies may theoretically be visible as circles because in principle it is possible from point of view of Big Bang that galaxies at Z=13-14 are so primordial, that the shape is essentially spherical cloud, so the shape must be visible as circle only). The spectra from those high Z galaxies however show a good content of oxygen, which means that stars already experienced many supernova events and galaxy shape is also expected to be one of the few standard ones. 

References.

1.Tipikin: The higher Z, the stronger the effect of light scattering present in the supernova images. Supernova at Z=3.6 looks gigantic.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/01/the-higher-z-stronger-effect-of-light.html

2.Galaxy Color and Redshift Chart » Talk — Zooniverse

https://www.zooniverse.org/talk/1268/576934

3.Yoshiaki Ono, Masami Ouchi et all "Evolution of the sizes of galaxies over 7<Z<12 revealed by the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign" // The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.777 155, No2, 2013

DOI 10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/155

EVOLUTION OF THE SIZES OF GALAXIES OVER 7 < z < 12 REVEALED BY THE 2012 HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD CAMPAIGN - IOPscience

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/155

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/155/pdf

4.Witnessing the onset of reionization through Lyman-α emission at redshift 13 | Nature

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08779-5

5.Photometric detection at 7.7 microns of a galaxy beyond redshift 14 with JWST/MIRI

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18462

6.Big Bang-era galaxy found with JWST? | Popular Science

https://www.popsci.com/science/big-bang-galaxy-james-webb-space-telescope/

7.Record distant galaxy confirmed with the James Webb Space Telescope - Cosmic Dawn Center

https://cosmicdawn.dk/news/record-distant-galaxy-confirmed-with-the-james-webb-space-telescope/

8.Second-most distant galaxy discovered using James Webb Space Telescope | Penn State University

https://www.psu.edu/news/eberly-college-science/story/second-most-distant-galaxy-discovered-using-james-webb-space-telescope

9.JWST takes a peek at the first ever galaxies | astrobites

https://astrobites.org/2022/09/03/jwst-takes-a-peek-at-the-first-ever-galaxies/

10.D.S.Tipikin "Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering"

2311.0060v1.pdf

https://vixra.org/pdf/2311.0060v1.pdf

Axionic dark matter possibility from light scattering demonstrated by JWST for high z objects.

 The light scattering is observed by JWST through blurring of far galaxies at z~10-14 [1], through 2-4 times larger than diffraction limit of telescope supernovas [2] and through analysis of little red dots [3]. In [1,3] the empirical formulas are discussed which depict the light scattering and it was possible to come to the conclusion that the energy loss on each step is proportional to energy (key assumption) with coefficient α=2*10exp(-12). From that coefficient it is clear that the particles scattering light are enormously light with approximate evaluations of total energies of femto to pico eV (only for such light particles the energy loss of say green photon would be so small as it is necessary). Heavier particles like today approximation of axions as particles with micro-eV total energies will drain the energy of photon much faster and thus created too strong scattering which is not observed. 

However, application of quantum mechanics general ideas will allow to evaluate the properties of such "dark matter" (better be called almost completely transparent matter, because it is after all interacting with light). For total energy of 10exp(-15) eV the energy expressed in Joules would be 1.6*10exp(-31) Joule, for total energy of 10exp(-15) eV the energy expressed in Joules would be 1.6*10exp(-34) Joules. The effective mass may be estimated using the relation E=m*c² (the relativistic mass, because such particles is moving with speed very close to c). For pico-eV particle it is 1.78*10exp(-48) kg, for femto-eV particle it is 1.78*10exp(-51) kg. The pulse may be calculated using E=p*c relation: for pico-eV particle the pulse is 5.33*10exp(-40) kg*m/s and for femto-eV particle the pulse is 5.33*10exp(-43) kg*m/s. Since pulse is known the important characteristic of the particle - de-Broglie wavelength may be easily found λ=h/p   here h is Planck constant. For pico-eV particle de-Broglie wavelength is 1.24*10exp(6) meters and for femto-eV particle it is 1.24*10exp(9) meters (1/3 of Earth to Moon distance). 

For such enormously large de-Broglie wavelength no doubt the light is not interacting with the particle easily, the cross-section of the interaction may be evaluated as the square of diameters of "particle" size. For photon it would be wavelength (500 nm for green photon) and for particle which scatters light it is de-Broglie wavelength. Then the cross-section for pico-eV particle would be [500*10exp(-9)/1.24*10exp(6)]²=1.6*10exp(-35) and for feemto-eV particle it would be 1.6*10exp(-41). 

How frequently the photon is scattered on the route from supernova to the Earth to have the scattering parameter of 2*10exp(-12)? From the formulas outlined in [1] and assuming for z=1 supernova the distance between the star and Earth of 7.731 light years (7.314*10exp(25) meter) we may have: after N scatterings

E_N/E_o=1/(1+z)=(1-α)^N   ln(1/(1+z))=ln(0.5)=N*ln(1-α)~-N*α

and N=3.47*10exp(11) for the distance traveled of 7.314*10exp(25) meters. Therefore the average distance traveled between the interactions is L=2.16*10exp(14) meter (approximately 8.33 light-days). 

In order to evaluate the mass density of such axionic dark matter the assumption is as follows: during the travel of 8.33 days the effective volume of the photon has covered is V= π*λ²/4*L , here λ is the wavelength of the light  and the mass of the axions in this volume is mass of one axion divided by the cross-section (because it is necessary to meet enormous amount of axions to interact with only one of them). V=42.4 cubic meters and mass density is 2.62*10exp(-15) kg/cubic meter for pico-eV particles and 2.62*10exp(-12) kg/cubic meter for femto-eV particles. 

This value is comparable to the interstellar visible matter (mainly protons) of 1.67*10exp(-15) kg/cubic meter [4], less than the total mass density of Milky Way (2*10exp(-10) kg/cubic meter [5]) and  larger than the calculated mass density of dark matter in the halo around Milky Way (0.2-0.4 GeV per cubic cm [6]) which would be 3.55-7.1*10exp(-22) kg/cubic meter. 

The values obtained are reasonable and interestingly, the axionic dark matter interacting with light will be looking close to what astronomers are expecting - it must form halo. Because the particles are interacting with photons and so light, they are virtually pushed away by any photons (even microwave ones) from the stars, away from galaxy (full of photons) but due to some gravitational interaction they can not really lost the galaxy completely. They are indeed forming the halo around galaxy (and even more so pronounced halo around galaxy clusters) - an exactly as it is expected from gravitational consideration of light bending and too fast galaxy rotation. The estimated value of the mass density of those particles from light scattering is also reasonable - not really small and not enormously large (the distribution of them in halo is a separate and very difficult problem). However, the enormously small effective mass of them (energy of pico to femto eV) deemed the possibility of detection of them on Earth virtually impossible - they are sweeped out of Solar system by photons. Unless they are generated in the Sun itself (and in this case the stream of them directly from Sun similar to neutrinos stream is expected) they are only be possible to research using the light scattering from far-far stars, supernovas and galaxies. 

References.

1. Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering

(PDF) Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering

2.Tipikin: The higher Z, the stronger the effect of light scattering present in the supernova images. Supernova at Z=3.6 looks gigantic.

3.Tipikin: Little red dots and brown dwarfs – demonstration of the light scattering by point-like objects.

4.Interstellar medium - Wikipedia

5.What's the theoretical maximum density of a galaxy? - Astronomy Stack Exchange

6.Determination of the local dark matter density in our Galaxy | Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)

The higher Z, the stronger the effect of light scattering present in the supernova images. Supernova at Z=3.6 looks gigantic.

 James Webb Space Telescope is continuing to break all the records and now it shows  excellent images of far supernovae. As it is already described in this blog (see previous posts) and in the publications [1] the effect of light scattering is more and more pronounced. Recent discovery of the far supernova at Z=3.6 [2] emphasizes the effect very clearly - the supernova visible angular size is now comparable to the size of galaxy where it originated. Picture is taken from [2]

Compare to usual visual size of the supernovae at small Z, where they are close to the diffraction limit of the telescope this supernova has an enormous visual size of 1.05*10exp(-6) radian, while the diffraction limit of JWST for this wavelength of 2 um (F200W filter) is 0.3*10exp(-7) radian, more than 3 times smaller compare to point source object angular size. 

As it was calculated before in this blog, any supernova at maximum brightness (and usually they are found at around this moment) must be the point object (and especially at high Z it is by no means may be resolved). The idea that supernova is "illuminating" part of the galaxy and has the larger angular size because of the light scattering inside the galaxy of origin is easily rejected by observing the close supernovae - they are exactly  a dot in the galaxy, no "illumination" of the galaxy is present (picture taken from [3])

Comparison of pictures taken from [2] and [3] clearly shows that while the close supernova has an angular size negligible compare to the size of galaxy or even the center of the galaxy, the far supernova has a gigantic angular size, the same as center of galaxy and close to the size of the host galaxy. By no means may be this phenomenon explained in simple terms. The angular resolution of the telescope itself was checked many times and for really feeble and small objects at z=0 (brown dwarfs at the outskirts of Milky Way [4]) it is precisely equal to the famous formula: α=λ/D, where α is diffraction limit of the telescope, λ is the wavelength (2 um in this case), D is the diameter of the mirror of the telescope (6.5 m for JWST), should be 3*10exp(-7) radian. Of course, for such big distances at Z=3.6 the angular size of the galaxy itself is also very small, but direct application of the resolution formula shows that the supernova must looks like this:

Observed deviation is present not only for supernovae but for all the objects which must be point objects for high Z. Below is the plot of angular sizes of the point-like objects as they are observed by JWST as a function of Z:

For Z in the range 4-10 the angular size of the center of the little red dots was taken (they have an active galactic nucleus in the center which should be point object, see [4]). For Z higher than 10 the center of galaxy observed is a point source already, the distance is too high. Despite the big scattering, it is clear that the point-like objects are observed with some angular size, what is confirming the idea that light is scattered at high Z. The curve is fit by the formula derived from tired light idea of multiple scatterings outlined in [5]. 

The explanation of such a phenomenon may be actually not involved really new physics - the far objects may be inevitably blurred by the presence of the microgravitational lensing (which also must influence the light curves for supernovae, see [6]). Another explanation is that there is no Big Bang at all, and the light is scattered due to multiple events of scatterings (when this number N is enormously large, say trillions, the energy drain - red shift- is proportional to N, but light scattering is proportional to sqrt(N), similar to diffusion equation, see [1,5] for derivation of the formula). Blurring of images is almost completely absent at Z~0 (well below diffraction limit of even future generations of telescopes) but finally observed because the light travelled enormous time (well above the life-time of the Sun!) and even extremely small effect is now clearly pronounced. This observation of light scattering is the strongest so far hint toward the presence of new physics (fifth force in the gap between electromagnetism and gravity) and in line with other hints outlined by author in his books [7,8]

References.

1.D.S.Tipikin "Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering" // 2311.0060v1.pdf or https://vixra.org/pdf/2311.0060v1.pdf

2.D.A.Coulter, J.D.R.Pierel at all "Discovery of a likely Type II SN at Z=3.6 with JWST" // 2501.05513 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05513

3. Carlos Contreras at all "SN 2012fr: Ultraviolet, Optical and Near-Infrared Light Curves of a Type 1a Supernova Observed Within a Day of Explosion" // 1803.10095 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.10095

4.Tipikin: Little red dots and brown dwarfs – demonstration of the light scattering by point-like objects.

or https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/12/little-red-dots-and-brown-dwarfs.html

5.Tipikin: Two galaxies (z=3.4 and z=14.32) are close together on the JWST image - one is sharp, one is blurred. One more direct confirmation of light scattering.

or https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/08/two-galaxies-z34-and-z1432-are-close.html

6. D.S.Tipikin "Time-dilation for supernova in the case of tired light hypothesis" // 2411.0084v1.pdf

or https://vixra.org/pdf/2411.0084v1.pdf

7.D.S.Tipikin "The quest for new physics. An experimentalist approach" // 

2011.0172v1.pdf or https://vixra.org/pdf/2011.0172v1.pdf

8.D.S.Tipikin "The quest for new physics. An experimentalist approach. Vol.2" // 2212.0058v1.pdf  or https://vixra.org/pdf/2212.0058v1.pdf

Little red dots and brown dwarfs – demonstration of the light scattering by point-like objects.

 

Discovery of little red dots was an important step forward in understanding of the nature of the Universe. While the discussion of the nature of those little red dots is not yet finished, the consensus is that they are most probably not an exotic galaxies (or even other objects of completely unknown nature) but rather observed from very high distances quasars (active galactic nucleus) without clearly seen the rest of the galaxy [1]. The typical size of the AGN would be around 1 parsec [2], which is 3.26 light years. For the distance of 13 billions of light years (at least, in Big Bang Cosmology) for z above 4 the angular size at Earth would be only 3.26/13*10exp(9) = 2.5*10exp(-10) radian and well below the diffraction limit of James Web Space Telescope (3*10exp(-7) radian for wavelength of 2 um, filter F200W). This is clearly a point-like object for high z.

               Initial observations of the little red dots was found to be heavily contaminated by the brown dwarfs from the outskirts of Milky Way (those stars are not luminous and are not creating the usual projectile-like pictures on the image). Yet the presence of them on the same image as little red dots allows to compare directly the close and far point-like objects ( at a distance of 10 parsec even JWST can not resolve the star and it must be at diffraction limit of the telescope). The problem is that those point-like objects are looking differently on the image, one has much larger angular size compare to former.

Here is how brown dwarf looks like [3]:

The square is 2.4 arcsec each side and the size of 0.1” is also shown. The angular size of the brown dwarf for filter F115W is 0.058” or 2.8*10exp(-7) rad. For the center wavelength of 1.15 um the angular resolution (diffraction limit) of JWST would be 1.15 um/6.5 m=1.8*10exp(-7) rad. It is clearly seen that the angular size of brown dwarf is close to the diffraction limit of the telescope.

Here is how little red dots with Z=7.41 and 7.48 looks like for the same size of the squares 2.4” on one side [4]:

Even without any measurements it is clearly seen that those point-like objects are having much larger angular size (for the same filter F115W: 0.12” – 0.16”, 5.8-7.8*10exp(-7) rad, which is 3-4 times larger than the diffraction limit of the telescope).

               Those observations once again confirmed that JWST is working at full capacity – no problems with mirrors tuning or trembling because of small meteorites striking. The close point-like objects when they are very dim and not saturating the detector (projectiles for stars being photographed) are having the angular size exactly as expected. But very far point-like objects imaged at the same time are having much larger angular size. This is only possible if the light itself is scattered (this property is predicted for Tired Light Theory and completely impossible in Big Bang Cosmology). Despite this is not real disproof of Big Bang (because after all light may be scattered without loss of energy by unresolved Einstein crosses or some refraction phenomena for the light passing through invisible nebulae) it is a very strong hint toward direction of search for New Physics (beyond Einstein-Schrodinger and Standard Model) [5,6].

References.

1.Gene C.K.Leung et all “Exploring the nature of little red dots: constraints on AGN and stellar contributions from PRIMER MIRI imaging” //Arxiv,  2411.12005 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.12005

2. https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Glossary/Essay_krolik.html

3.Danial Langeroodi, Jens Hjorth “Little Red Dots or Brown Dwarfs? NIRSpec Discovery of Three Distant Brown Dwarfs Masquerading as NIRCam-selected Highly Reddened Active Galactic Nuclei” // The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 957:L27, 2023.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acfeec/pdf

4.Ivo Labbe, Pieter van Dokkum, Erica Nelson at all “A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang” // Arxiv,  https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.12446

5.D.S.Tipikin “The quest for New Physics. An experimentalist approach. Vol.1” // https://vixra.org/pdf/2011.0172v1.pdf or https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353523212_The_quest_for_new_physics_An_experimentalist_approach

6.D.S.Tipikin “The quest for New Physics. An Experimentalist Approach. Vol.2” //

https://vixra.org/pdf/2212.0058v1.pdf or https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366067523_The_quest_for_new_physics_An_experimentalist_approach_Vol2_The_second_book_on_the_topic_with_emphasis_on_certain_ideas

 

DESI and accelerated expansion of Universe - DESI results confirm the absence of accelerated expansion. Explanation - wrong interpretation of the results on supernovae.

     The idea of the absence of the dark energy as it was discovered in the last century using the data on supernovae brightness expressed in previous blogs [1,2] got unexpected confirmation from DESI - big collaborative project targeted the nearby galaxies (up to around z=3) [3]. Despite the author rejection of Big Bang together with "dark energy" being experimentalist I am more concerned in absolute accuracy of the interpretation of the experimental results and the famous Hubble curve which lead to discovery of the dark energy in last century [4] was wrongly interpreted from the very beginning (see [1]).

    Problem with interpretation of the brightness of the supernovae lies in the assumption of the absolute absence of new indiscovered yet properties of photons. In this case indeed the light scattering is absolutely impossible, the image of the far supenovae will be always at the diffraction limit of the telescope and the brightness of the image would be inversely proportional to the distance square. In this case any deviation of the brightness from established laws (dependence magnitude from red shift z) must be interpreted as some problems with space-time (thus the "discovery" of the "accelerated expansion"). But in reality the nature is by far reach than we may imagine, some new properties of photons are present and they lead to light scattering. This light scattering, invisible on Hubble images (resolution is too small) is readily seen by the JWST (much better resolution) and thus it lead to the spread of the circle of the image beyond the diffraction limit (and brightness is dimmer than it should be), see [1,2].

Despite I am personally think that the Big Bang is absent too, the tired light cosmology postulates that the red shift is extremely uniform with distance in the stationary Universe. So no problems with space-time is possible (no accelerated Z-shift in the neighborhood of Earth is possible). If instead of uniformity of expansion it is considered how z-shift behaves with distance I would completely agree with what DESI found - z-shift in far distances and near distances has exactly the same dependence on the distance - no "accelerated expansion of Universe".

References.

1. D.S.Tipikin "Tired light hypothesis and "accelerated expansion of Universe" - no need for dark energy." 

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/05/

Tipikin: May 2024

2.Tipikin: Light scattering observed on supernova type 1A - no "dark energy", the Hubble findings should be re-analysed.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/11/light-scattering-observed-on-supernova.html

3.2409.19577

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.19577

4.(PDF) DISCOVERY OF DYNAMICAL 3-SPACE: THEORY, EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS-A REVIEW

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312296328_DISCOVERY_OF_DYNAMICAL_3-SPACE_THEORY_EXPERIMENTS_AND_OBSERVATIONS-A_REVIEW

Light scattering observed on supernova type 1A - no "dark energy", the Hubble findings should be re-analysed.

 In a recent publication [1] the only so far discovered by JWST supernova type 1A  at z=2.9 (confirmed by spectroscopy [2]) was successfully plotted on the famous plot magnitude versus red shift, well known from Hubble telescope time and considered as a proof of the discovery of the "dark energy" [3]. The plot is shown below:

The fact that this supernova fits so well the previous plot does not support the idea of "dark energy" or "accelerated expansion of Universe", but instead demonstrates that the original explanation of the deviation from straight line was completely wrong. This is not a space-time problem (the "expansion" rate changes), but much more trivial phenomenon - the light itself is not ideal and for billions of years of propagation (more than 10 billions for z>1) starts to be scattered a little. The visible angular size of the supernova type 1a (very standard one, all the properties are well known) is at least 6 times larger than it should be for point source (see [4]), well above any errors or uncertainties. 

Why this is so important is shown below:

The fact that high z supernovae with visibly clearly seen much larger than it should be angular sizes [5] are so well fit on the old plot is the confirmation of the fact that in reality the light scattering was observed even at Hubble telescope time, it was merely completely wrongly interpreted. In this sense the observations of JWST are completely consistent with Hubble telescope findings, but additional information obtained due to much higher resolution points onto the necessity to carefully re-interpret the old data and theories. Most probably "dark energy" and even "Big Bang" are not real, just the temporal fit of the incomplete data.

References.

1.Josef Vinko, Eniko Regos "SN 2023adsy - a normal Type 1a Supernova at z=2.9, discovered by JWST" // Published in Arxiv, jades_Ia_numbers_30.eps or https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.10427

2.J.D.R.Pierel at all // Published in Arxiv, 2406.05089 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.05089

3.D.S.Tipikin "Tired light hypothesis and "accelerated expansion of Universe"-no need for dark energy"// 

Tipikin: Tired light hypothesis and "accelerated expansion of Universe" - no need for dark energy.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/05/tired-light-hypothesis-and-accelerated.html

4. D.S.Tipikin "Comparison of angular sizes of two supernovae (one is relatively close and one is relatively far) confirms the fact that James Webb space telescope has a very good resolution and light is scattered indeed for high z objects" //

Tipikin: Comparison of angular sizes of two supernovas (one is relatively close and one is relatively far) confirms the fact that James Webb space telescope has a very good resolution and light is scattered indeed for high z objects

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/06/comparison-of-angular-sizes-of-two.html

Or on Researchgate and Vixra:

(PDF) Comparison of angular sizes for supernovas at z=0.151 and z=2.9 confirms the great resolution of JWST and confirms the presence of the light scattering. Tired light formula fits the angular size of standard object like supernova surprisingly well on all distances.

2406.0162v1.pdf or https://vixra.org/pdf/2406.0162v1.pdf

5.D.S.Tipikin "Supernovae large angular size due to light scattering for high z is clearly seen at multiple JWST images" //

Tipikin: Supernova's large angular size due to light scattering for high z is clearly seen at multiple JWST images.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/08/supernovas-large-angular-size-due-to.html