The higher Z, the stronger the effect of light scattering present in the supernova images. Supernova at Z=3.6 looks gigantic.

 James Webb Space Telescope is continuing to break all the records and now it shows  excellent images of far supernovae. As it is already described in this blog (see previous posts) and in the publications [1] the effect of light scattering is more and more pronounced. Recent discovery of the far supernova at Z=3.6 [2] emphasizes the effect very clearly - the supernova visible angular size is now comparable to the size of galaxy where it originated. Picture is taken from [2]

Compare to usual visual size of the supernovae at small Z, where they are close to the diffraction limit of the telescope this supernova has an enormous visual size of 1.05*10exp(-6) radian, while the diffraction limit of JWST for this wavelength of 2 um (F200W filter) is 0.3*10exp(-7) radian, more than 3 times smaller compare to point source object angular size. 

As it was calculated before in this blog, any supernova at maximum brightness (and usually they are found at around this moment) must be the point object (and especially at high Z it is by no means may be resolved). The idea that supernova is "illuminating" part of the galaxy and has the larger angular size because of the light scattering inside the galaxy of origin is easily rejected by observing the close supernovae - they are exactly  a dot in the galaxy, no "illumination" of the galaxy is present (picture taken from [3])

Comparison of pictures taken from [2] and [3] clearly shows that while the close supernova has an angular size negligible compare to the size of galaxy or even the center of the galaxy, the far supernova has a gigantic angular size, the same as center of galaxy and close to the size of the host galaxy. By no means may be this phenomenon explained in simple terms. The angular resolution of the telescope itself was checked many times and for really feeble and small objects at z=0 (brown dwarfs at the outskirts of Milky Way [4]) it is precisely equal to the famous formula: α=λ/D, where α is diffraction limit of the telescope, λ is the wavelength (2 um in this case), D is the diameter of the mirror of the telescope (6.5 m for JWST), should be 3*10exp(-7) radian. Of course, for such big distances at Z=3.6 the angular size of the galaxy itself is also very small, but direct application of the resolution formula shows that the supernova must looks like this:

Observed deviation is present not only for supernovae but for all the objects which must be point objects for high Z. Below is the plot of angular sizes of the point-like objects as they are observed by JWST as a function of Z:

For Z in the range 4-10 the angular size of the center of the little red dots was taken (they have an active galactic nucleus in the center which should be point object, see [4]). For Z higher than 10 the center of galaxy observed is a point source already, the distance is too high. Despite the big scattering, it is clear that the point-like objects are observed with some angular size, what is confirming the idea that light is scattered at high Z. The curve is fit by the formula derived from tired light idea of multiple scatterings outlined in [5]. 

The explanation of such a phenomenon may be actually not involved really new physics - the far objects may be inevitably blurred by the presence of the microgravitational lensing (which also must influence the light curves for supernovae, see [6]). Another explanation is that there is no Big Bang at all, and the light is scattered due to multiple events of scatterings (when this number N is enormously large, say trillions, the energy drain - red shift- is proportional to N, but light scattering is proportional to sqrt(N), similar to diffusion equation, see [1,5] for derivation of the formula). Blurring of images is almost completely absent at Z~0 (well below diffraction limit of even future generations of telescopes) but finally observed because the light travelled enormous time (well above the life-time of the Sun!) and even extremely small effect is now clearly pronounced. This observation of light scattering is the strongest so far hint toward the presence of new physics (fifth force in the gap between electromagnetism and gravity) and in line with other hints outlined by author in his books [7,8]

References.

1.D.S.Tipikin "Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering" // 2311.0060v1.pdf or https://vixra.org/pdf/2311.0060v1.pdf

2.D.A.Coulter, J.D.R.Pierel at all "Discovery of a likely Type II SN at Z=3.6 with JWST" // 2501.05513 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.05513

3. Carlos Contreras at all "SN 2012fr: Ultraviolet, Optical and Near-Infrared Light Curves of a Type 1a Supernova Observed Within a Day of Explosion" // 1803.10095 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.10095

4.Tipikin: Little red dots and brown dwarfs – demonstration of the light scattering by point-like objects.

or https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/12/little-red-dots-and-brown-dwarfs.html

5.Tipikin: Two galaxies (z=3.4 and z=14.32) are close together on the JWST image - one is sharp, one is blurred. One more direct confirmation of light scattering.

or https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2024/08/two-galaxies-z34-and-z1432-are-close.html

6. D.S.Tipikin "Time-dilation for supernova in the case of tired light hypothesis" // 2411.0084v1.pdf

or https://vixra.org/pdf/2411.0084v1.pdf

7.D.S.Tipikin "The quest for new physics. An experimentalist approach" // 

2011.0172v1.pdf or https://vixra.org/pdf/2011.0172v1.pdf

8.D.S.Tipikin "The quest for new physics. An experimentalist approach. Vol.2" // 2212.0058v1.pdf  or https://vixra.org/pdf/2212.0058v1.pdf