Little red dots and brown dwarfs – demonstration of the light scattering by point-like objects.

 

Discovery of little red dots was an important step forward in understanding of the nature of the Universe. While the discussion of the nature of those little red dots is not yet finished, the consensus is that they are most probably not an exotic galaxies (or even other objects of completely unknown nature) but rather observed from very high distances quasars (active galactic nucleus) without clearly seen the rest of the galaxy [1]. The typical size of the AGN would be around 1 parsec [2], which is 3.26 light years. For the distance of 13 billions of light years (at least, in Big Bang Cosmology) for z above 4 the angular size at Earth would be only 3.26/13*10exp(9) = 2.5*10exp(-10) radian and well below the diffraction limit of James Web Space Telescope (3*10exp(-7) radian for wavelength of 2 um, filter F200W). This is clearly a point-like object for high z.

               Initial observations of the little red dots was found to be heavily contaminated by the brown dwarfs from the outskirts of Milky Way (those stars are not luminous and are not creating the usual projectile-like pictures on the image). Yet the presence of them on the same image as little red dots allows to compare directly the close and far point-like objects ( at a distance of 10 parsec even JWST can not resolve the star and it must be at diffraction limit of the telescope). The problem is that those point-like objects are looking differently on the image, one has much larger angular size compare to former.

Here is how brown dwarf looks like [3]:

The square is 2.4 arcsec each side and the size of 0.1” is also shown. The angular size of the brown dwarf for filter F115W is 0.058” or 2.8*10exp(-7) rad. For the center wavelength of 1.15 um the angular resolution (diffraction limit) of JWST would be 1.15 um/6.5 m=1.8*10exp(-7) rad. It is clearly seen that the angular size of brown dwarf is close to the diffraction limit of the telescope.

Here is how little red dots with Z=7.41 and 7.48 looks like for the same size of the squares 2.4” on one side [4]:

Even without any measurements it is clearly seen that those point-like objects are having much larger angular size (for the same filter F115W: 0.12” – 0.16”, 5.8-7.8*10exp(-7) rad, which is 3-4 times larger than the diffraction limit of the telescope).

               Those observations once again confirmed that JWST is working at full capacity – no problems with mirrors tuning or trembling because of small meteorites striking. The close point-like objects when they are very dim and not saturating the detector (projectiles for stars being photographed) are having the angular size exactly as expected. But very far point-like objects imaged at the same time are having much larger angular size. This is only possible if the light itself is scattered (this property is predicted for Tired Light Theory and completely impossible in Big Bang Cosmology). Despite this is not real disproof of Big Bang (because after all light may be scattered without loss of energy by unresolved Einstein crosses or some refraction phenomena for the light passing through invisible nebulae) it is a very strong hint toward direction of search for New Physics (beyond Einstein-Schrodinger and Standard Model) [5,6].

References.

1.Gene C.K.Leung et all “Exploring the nature of little red dots: constraints on AGN and stellar contributions from PRIMER MIRI imaging” //Arxiv,  2411.12005 or https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.12005

2. https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Glossary/Essay_krolik.html

3.Danial Langeroodi, Jens Hjorth “Little Red Dots or Brown Dwarfs? NIRSpec Discovery of Three Distant Brown Dwarfs Masquerading as NIRCam-selected Highly Reddened Active Galactic Nuclei” // The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 957:L27, 2023.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acfeec/pdf

4.Ivo Labbe, Pieter van Dokkum, Erica Nelson at all “A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang” // Arxiv,  https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.12446

5.D.S.Tipikin “The quest for New Physics. An experimentalist approach. Vol.1” // https://vixra.org/pdf/2011.0172v1.pdf or https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353523212_The_quest_for_new_physics_An_experimentalist_approach

6.D.S.Tipikin “The quest for New Physics. An Experimentalist Approach. Vol.2” //

https://vixra.org/pdf/2212.0058v1.pdf or https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366067523_The_quest_for_new_physics_An_experimentalist_approach_Vol2_The_second_book_on_the_topic_with_emphasis_on_certain_ideas