Since the observation of the light scattering by the unknown yet mechanism [1] the idea of interacting with light ultrasmall particles appeared as a possible solution to accelerated rotation of galaxies ("dark matter problem") [2]. How that matter may help to solve the old problem of Static Universe - why gravity is not forcing all the galaxies to coalesce?
Big Bang seems to be falling apart: too many galaxies, too early, too many gigantic black holes, old galaxies are way too early and even the shape of primordial galaxies as observed by James Webb Space Telescope is wrong [3]. The return to static Universe needs a solution of many problems which were always present in cosmology. While the idea of recycling of energy may solve the problem of enormous age of static Universe [4], the problem still present - why at the very long time of existence Universe is not clumped back into some gigantic super-galaxy?
The answer may be connected with described in [2] undiscovered yet matter which presumably scatter the light to the equilibrium Bose gas with weak interaction (according to Bogolubov, the weakly interacting Bose-gas with non-conserved number of particles will demonstrate exactly Bose-Einstein distribution with exactly zero chemical potential - Planks formula). The temperature of such light matter (light in both senses - ultra-small total energy in femto to pico eV range and interacting with light, visible through the light scattering) may be considered as much higher than photons temperature (similar in the hot plasma temperature of light electrons is much higher compare to lower temperature of heavy ions). The distribution of those particles is unknown (they may be fermions) but they certainly will have pressure. This pressure assuming how many of those particles is present on the outskirts of the galaxies [2] seems to be enough to prevent gravitational collapse of galaxies thus keeping the Universe in equilibrium.
And the best way to describe this static Universe is actually going back to the original Einstein equation [5] as it was introduced in 1917 with cosmological constant being empirical term which describes approximately that pressure. Original Einstein idea was absolutely correct - the best approximation of Universe is static Universe, and original cosmological constant prevents it from coalescing. The exact nature of this empirical term was, of course, unknown at Einstein time, and possibly with further research in this static Universe it will be modified into several terms.
In previous posts before the light scattering on James Webb Space Telescope was so clearly visible, I considered a different mechanism for accelerated rotations of galaxies - influence of gravitational dipoles of any particle including light [6]. This idea is still valid, but it seems that the contribution of this factor will be many orders of magnitude smaller compare to what is described in [2]. Only careful future experiments may find whether such gravitational dipole exists at all, while the light scattering is already observed by JWST.
References.
https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/01/the-higher-z-stronger-effect-of-light.html
https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/03/axionic-dark-matter-possibility-from.html
https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/03/circular-and-irregular-shape-of-record.html
https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2022/04/energy-matter-cycle-aka-water-cycle-on.html
5.Cosmological constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant
https://vixra.org/pdf/2207.0131v1.pdf
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