Tipikin: Circular and irregular shape of record-breaking galaxies observed by JWST hints onto the much larger distance between them and Earth. Thus again supporting the idea of light scattering and tired light instead of Big Bang.

The marvel of modern astrophysics, James Webb Space Telescope is making discovery after discovery and many of them puzzles the astrophysicists. Too many galaxies too early (according to Big Bang time line), little red dots with impossible velocities of gas near supermassive black hole (and such a black hole itself is too early for the young Universe etc.). While JWST already made several discoveries of galaxies at Z=13 and even 14, they all looks a little strange - all looks like circles, not even one has a classical oval shape (both spiral and elliptical galaxies at low resolution must be ovals). There is very low probability that all record-breaking galaxies are spirals observed at almost perpendicular to plane angle (that would make it looking perfect circle.

The explanation seems obvious - resolution of telescope is limited and by no means may JWST see details below its diffraction limit - approximately 3*10exp(-7) radian for wavelength of 2 um [1]. However, there is a problem here. Since according to Big Bang theory at high Z the difference at the observed distance with Z will be smaller and smaller, those galaxies are virtually all at the same distance of around 13 billions of light years. Even galaxy with Z=7 is actually 12.9 billions of light years away from us [2] - no real difference from the point of view of resolution of telescope. In order to evaluate the change of resolution from telescope to telescope, it is necessary first to see the galaxies at relatively high Z recorded by the predecessor of JWST - Hubble space telescope. Of course due to smaller mirror and absence of mid-IR capabilities it can not see galaxies at Z=13 and up (with some exceptions) but since galaxies with z=7-9 are almost at the same observational distance (~13 billions of light years if Big Bang is accepted) the comparison may be fair. The picture below is taken from [3] and the galaxies on photo are all with verified Z~8, and galaxies number 1,2,3,5 are looking like ovals.

It is easy to see, that Hubble Telescope indeed made photos of galaxies which looked as they should be - despite some of them are almost circles, many are ovals and even elongated ovals. Those galaxies if believe to Big Bang are all at ~13 billions of light years away.

James Webb Space Telescope has larger mirror and thus must have better resolution (approximately 3 times better). It is clearly observed in the nearby Universe (say for Z~1). But since the galaxies at Z=12,13, 14 and up are almost at the same distance as galaxies at Z=8, JWST must deliver much better resolution of those galaxies (3 times better) and must see normal galaxies shapes (not dull circles all over again). Yet the discovery after discovery delivers the galaxies which looks like plain circle or irregular circle. The examples are: galaxy at Z=13 [4]

Galaxy at Z=14 [5]

Another galaxy at Z=13 [6]:

Another example of 4 galaxies all at the distance of ~13 billions of light years and all looking like circles [7]:

Sometimes galaxy with high Z has the elongated shape but it is situated in the field of strong lensing (so obviously distorted by lensing) [8]:

No improvement in resolution may be seen in resolution, despite from Big Bang idea they all are at approximately the same distance (around 13 billions of light years) as well as galaxies with Z~8 which are observed more or less normal already by Hubble telescope. Compare to the enormous improvement in resolution (Hubble made photos for upper row and JWST is for lower row) for galaxy cluster at Z~0.4 [9]:

Even assuming for high Z Hubble space telescope made pictures at central frequency around 1.6 um versus 2 um for James Webb Space Telescope (resolution is 1.25 worse for wavelength of 2 um compare to 1.6 um) the improvement in resolution still should be at least (6.5/2.4)*(1.6/2.0)=2.167 times (provided the Big Bang is correct, no light scattering is allowed and galaxies are at approximately the same distance of ~13 billions of light years). But obviously JWST only provides enormous improvement only at relatively low Z, not at high Z.

On the contrary, if the tired light hypothesis is accepted [10] situation changes dramatically. Now the distances for Z~14 would be much larger (Z~1 corresponds to ~10 billions of light years, Z=3 corresponds to ~20 billions of light years, Z=7 corresponds to ~30 billions of light years and Z=15 corresponds to ~40 billions of light years), so it is obvious that galaxies at high Z may be resolved poorer and it would need many hundreds of hours of accumulation to get the spectra (and that time must be almost the same in the case of Big Bang is right). Even more, the inevitable light scattering [10] will make the far galaxies blurred to the extent they may be only seen as a circle (and this circle is only having information about the light scattering properties, not initial galaxy oval view) [10,11]

It seems that even visual appearance of galaxies at high Z hints toward the paradigm shift from Big Bang cosmology to tired light cosmology. Both standard objects like supernovae at high Z (already visible at Z=3.6 and JWST is continuing the search) and non-standard objects like galaxies hints toward this decision. (The galaxies may theoretically be visible as circles because in principle it is possible from point of view of Big Bang that galaxies at Z=13-14 are so primordial, that the shape is essentially spherical cloud, so the shape must be visible as circle only). The spectra from those high Z galaxies however show a good content of oxygen, which means that stars already experienced many supernova events and galaxy shape is also expected to be one of the few standard ones.

References.

1.Tipikin: The higher Z, the stronger the effect of light scattering present in the supernova images. Supernova at Z=3.6 looks gigantic.

https://tipikin.blogspot.com/2025/01/the-higher-z-stronger-effect-of-light.html

2.Galaxy Color and Redshift Chart » Talk — Zooniverse

https://www.zooniverse.org/talk/1268/576934

3.Yoshiaki Ono, Masami Ouchi et all "Evolution of the sizes of galaxies over 7<Z<12 revealed by the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign" // The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.777 155, No2, 2013

DOI 10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/155

EVOLUTION OF THE SIZES OF GALAXIES OVER 7 < z < 12 REVEALED BY THE 2012 HUBBLE ULTRA DEEP FIELD CAMPAIGN - IOPscience

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/155

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/777/2/155/pdf

4.Witnessing the onset of reionization through Lyman-α emission at redshift 13 | Nature

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08779-5

5.Photometric detection at 7.7 microns of a galaxy beyond redshift 14 with JWST/MIRI

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18462

6.Big Bang-era galaxy found with JWST? | Popular Science

https://www.popsci.com/science/big-bang-galaxy-james-webb-space-telescope/

7.Record distant galaxy confirmed with the James Webb Space Telescope - Cosmic Dawn Center

https://cosmicdawn.dk/news/record-distant-galaxy-confirmed-with-the-james-webb-space-telescope/