Thursday, August 22, 2024

Analysis of the luminosity profile for little red dot confirms presence of image blurring and light scattering in the JWST images.

 In [1] the drastic similarities in images were shown between the close galaxies viewed by telescope from Earth (the image blurring by the light scattering in atmosphere is inevitably present) and galaxies at Z=10-14 viewed by the JWST (no blurring in the perfect vacuum was expected). Here the accurate analysis of the luminosity profile from the photo made by JWST and profile of the close galaxy is presented. For the analysis of the little red dot the galaxy described in [2] and usually referenced as RUBIES-EGS-49140 with z=6.68:


The profile along the radius is described on the plot by the blue dots and connecting blue line (the red line is an exponential fit commonly used in close galaxies with active nuclei [3]):

The radial profile of luminosity for the closest well resolved galaxies is well known and published in many articles (for example in [3] for NGC 4477 with active galactic nucleus - AGN):

The curve for close galaxy is nicely fit by exponential, but for the little red dot galaxy the curve more resembles Gaussian (and more probably it is a convolution of Gaussian and exponential curve, the so-called ex-Gaussian curve [4]). The appearance of Gaussian like center is exactly what is expected if the light scattering blurs the bright center with much darker outskirts of the galaxy, creating the appearance of huge red spot in the middle (see [1]). The Gaussian-like distribution (ex-Gaussian in this case due to overlap) is the very characteristic feature of some stochastic, diffusion-like process of scattering (always generating Gaussian curve because of laws of big numbers,  Central Limit Theorem from theory of probability [5] always leads to normal distribution). 

However, the telescope has a finite resolution and in this case the normal distribution is also expected. But for the filters used in [2] the wavelength corresponds to 2.7 um (F277) and the corresponding angular resolution of JWST would be 2.77*10exp(-6)/6.5=0.43*10exp(-6) radian. The central spot in the picture, however, has the angular size of 2.3*10exp(-6) radian - around 5 times larger (the picture of little red dot corresponds to 2"x2" angular size). It means that the resolution of telescope is good enough for the much better image of the galaxy and the blurring on the picture is not because of the quality of telescope but because of some unknown yet mechanism of scattering of light itself. That is what makes the little red dot looks surprisingly similar to each other and very different from the galaxies near Earth.
More accurate from mathematical point of view description of this anomaly emphasizes again the presence of the light scattering and allows more accurate correlation between the angle of scattering and distance expressed in red shift value of Z being plotted (see previous post [6]).


References.

1.D.S.Tipikin "Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering." // 2311.0060v1.pdf (vixra.org)

https://vixra.org/pdf/2311.0060v1.pdf

or (PDF) Tired light hypothesis possibly got confirmation by direct observation of light scattering (researchgate.net)

2.Bingjie Wang at all "RUBIES: Evolved Stellar Populations with Extended Formation Histories at z ∼ 7 − 8 in Candidate Massive Galaxies Identified with JWST/NIRSpec" // 2405.01473 (arxiv.org)

https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.01473

3.Mengchun Tsai, Chorng-Yuan Hwang "Star formation in the central regions of active and normal galaxies" // STAR FORMATION IN THE CENTRAL REGIONS OF ACTIVE AND NORMAL GALAXIES (iop.org)

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/150/2/43/pdf

4.Exponentially modified Gaussian distribution - Wikipedia

5.Central limit theorem - Wikipedia

6.Tipikin: Two galaxies (z=3.4 and z=14.32) are close together on the JWST image - one is sharp, one is blurred. One more direct confirmation of light scattering.

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