Supernova mechanism of transfer of thermonuclear energy into the energy of accelerated rotation in galaxy. Violation of weak equivalence principle for the supernova remnants.

In addition to the mechanisms responsible for transformation of the thermonuclear energy into the energy of the rotation of the stars in galaxy [1-4] another important mechanism would be the supernova explosion (and, to the lesser degree, nova explosions and other types of star explosion). The overall idea is that during such event a lot of energy is transformed into the light, neutrinos and ultra-relativistic matter like cosmic rays. All of them will be moving with speed of light and have twice the cold barionic matter gravitational pull [1,5]. 

Indeed, the total energy release of supernova would be 2*10exp(44) Joules. The remnants of the star will be moving away with the velocity of 20000 km/h (5.6*10exp(3) m/s). Assuming the shed mass is equal to 10 masses of Sun, which would be 2*10exp(31) kg, it means that the energy stuck in relatively cold barionic matter is only 6.3*10exp(38) Joules, and the rest of the released energy would be in light, neutrinos, cosmic rays and other ultra-relativistic matter. The associated inertial mass would be (from 

E=mc² formula) equal to 2*10exp(27) kg. This effective mass will be gravitating twice as strong as cold barionic matter. Age of Milky way is 13.51 billions of years and supernova comes every 30 years, thus making the total number of supernovas equal to 4.5*10exp(8). The total inertial mass of created ultra-relativistic particles (light and neutrinos and cosmic rays combined) would be 9*10exp(35) kg. The total mass of stars in Milky way is 50 billions  Suns [6] (dark matter excluded) and total inertial mass thus estimated is 10exp(41) kg.

The ratio of the double gravitating matter created by supernovas to the total mass of the stars is not high - only 10exp(-6). However, evaluation of this amount may change a lot if other explosions are taken into the consideration. For example nova explosions take place 2500 more frequently compare to the supernova. If the similar release of ultra-relativistic particles takes place this means up to 0.25% of doubly gravitating matter was created during the Milky Way lifetime. 

From different ideas of the presence of the violating weak equivalence principle matter (light inside the stars, ultra-relativistic matter inside the stars, formation of ultra-relativistic matter during violent explosion of the stars) it seems that the accelerated rotation of galaxies (dark matter problem) may be solved rather by accurate accounting for all those small contributions, rather than by postulating of the predominant presence of invisible interacting only gravitationally particles.

References.

1. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/10/stars-are-full-of-trapped-light-may.html

2. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/12/light-matter-attraction-as-driving.html

3. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/09/accelerated-rotation-of-star-because-of.html

4. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2020/06/gravitation-of-ultra-relativistic.html

5.  D.Fargion "Deflection of Massive Neutrinos by Gravitational Fields" // Lettere al Nouvo Cimento, Vol.31, No 2, 1981

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

227245454_Deflection_of_massive_neutrinos_by_gravitational_fields

6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way

Gravitation of ultra-relativistic barionic matter. Implications for weak equivalence principle.

Previously it was found that the non-barionic matter inside the stars will be gravitating much stronger per  mc² compare to the barionic matter (2*n² stronger, where n is the effective refraction coefficient for the light in the fully ionized plasma) [1]. For the high-energy gamma-quanta the effective gravitation is only 2 times stronger (this is because of the general relativity prediction  for the deviation of the light beam near the sun being twice the Newton value - the experimental fact confirming general theory of relativity).

However, any barionic matter composed of ordinary particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos) which is the main composition of the star (fully ionized plasma) when heated to tens of million degrees (Suns core) will be closer to relativistic compare to cold barionic matter. Ultra-relativistic matter will have the energy-pulse relation E=pc (here E-energy, p=pulse, c- speed of light) exactly like photons and thus it should behave exactly like photons and gravitate like photons (twice the Newton value). 

Indeed, accurate calculations based on general relativity were performed few decades ago and confirmed, that the ultra-relativistic particle  will be deflected by the gravity exactly like photons (very small difference is present, of course, because they do have rest mass) [2].

However, the star is almost entirely composed from very hot matter (fully ionized plasma at temperature of ten of millions degrees). Application of the formula output procedure described in [1] to the ultra-relativistic particle (it is exactly like photons but the refraction coefficient is 1, the particle is moving with ~ speed of light) will lead to the increase of the gravitational force experienced by the star as a whole. 

Exactly how big is this contribution? The rest energy of the proton is 1.5*10exp(-10) J and for electron it is 8.2*10exp(-14) J. Assuming the kinetic energy of the electron or proton is still governed by the Boltzman formula E=3/2*kT, the kinetic energy of the particles inside the star core would be 2.1*10exp(-16) J - still to small to claim the particles are ultra-relativistic.

In this case the gravitational properties of the star barionic matter will be between the Newton limit (cold barionic matter) and Einstein limit (ultra-relativistic barionic matter). Application of the formula from [2] for the intermediate region lead to the following approximation: for the slow particles the gravity increase would be proportional to 1+v²/c²=1+mv²/mc²=1+2E_k/E_o

For the protons this means the change in gravity of only 1.4*10exp(-6). That would be too little to explain the presence of dark matter (most probably another, non-barionic matter responsible, see [1, 3,4], but clearly means that weak equivalence principle is not valid for star considered as a whole. 

References.

1. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/10/stars-are-full-of-trapped-light-may.html

2. D.Fargion "Deflection of Massive Neutrinos by Gravitational Fields" // Lettere al Nouvo Cimento, Vol.31, No 2, 1981

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

227245454_Deflection_of_massive_neutrinos_by_gravitational_fields

3. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/12/light-matter-attraction-as-driving.html

4. http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/09/accelerated-rotation-of-star-because-of.html

5. 

Increase of the yield of the elementary particles created at collider through manipulations with quantum vacuum. A chemical approach to the elementary particle physics.

The modern accelerators reached complexity level enough for more intricate manipulations with generated elementary particles. In modern approach the beams are interacting and the results of the strike is analyzed. Essentially this is close to the way the free radicals were created in the chemical experiments decades ago: powerful laser strike breaks away chemical bonds with generation of assembly of unstable chemical products (ions, free radicals, ion-radicals) which are to be analyzed spectroscopically. 

Researchers quickly realized, that in some cases the concentration of the unstable particles may be greatly increased if they quickly frozen inside some neutral matrix (liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid argon or liquid nitrogen). Such matrix isolation at helium temperature prevents any mobility and thus allows accumulation of the unstable products in high concentrations.

Such approach needs, of course, some manipulations with the molecular beams: not simply strike them with laser pulse, but do in the presence of the cold medium, so that the products created are delivered to the isolation matrix fast enough.

The only "isolation matrix" available in high-energy physics is quark-gluon plasma. So the idea of the future accelerator would be the cross-accelerator: in the reaction chamber the first beam prepares the spot of quark-gluon plasma and the second, more powerful beam will generate the elementary particles inside such a spot in the correct time: just before adronisation (cooling) of the quark-gluon plasma.

Why would new particles be created:

1.The quark-gluon plasma is kind of primordial quantum vacuum - the type of the vacuum existing soon after the big bang. Thus all four forces are closer to each other compare to modern quantum vacuum and the yield of the exotic particles responsible for unification of forces (including gravitational force) is expected to be higher.

2.Despite all those exotic particles are expected to be extremely short-lived, they must have at least some time in modern quantum vacuum. So if they are created just before adronisation of the quark-gluon plasma, they are to be cooled to modern quantum vacuum temperatures before they decay (obviously the decay time in the primordial quantum vacuum also is shorter compare to the modern quantum vacuum because of its temperature).

3.Possibly any interaction with parts of the quark-gluon adronising parts may accelerate cooling thus increasing the life-time (pretty much  like weak complexes between the highly reactive free radical and neutral molecule in the isolating matrix spread the wavefunction thus lowering the energy).

4.Future computers will be powerful enough to see the signs of the new particles in the mess created by the adronized quark-gluon plasma. Undoubtedly the interpretation of the results will be much more difficult.

Such experiments may seems to be far future for now, but in design of the future chambers it may be necessary already now to add the additional input window for the future crossed path of the preparation beam. It is expected that by the time the next generation of the accelerators is ready the concept of complex manipulation with the quantum vacuum (preheating of the quantum vacuum in the place of the particle generation) will be already developed to the level of possible implementation.

The particular particles of the interest from author point of view would be antigravitational Higgs boson [1]. The absence of the symmetry between matter and antimatter is not understood, but presumably the absence of the symmetry between matter and gravitational antimatter will be even worse (the gravitational force was split from the unified force first). So even inside the primordial quantum vacuum the probability of generation of any antigravitational particle (like antigravitational Higgs boson [1]) is really small. Correspondingly the direct observation of such antigravitational particle in the modern quantum vacuum is highly improbable (too long waiting time to see any event). Hopefully the idea of the preheated quantum vacuum  may increase the probability of the creation of such elementary particle and thus improve the chances of its detection in reasonable time.

References.

1.http://tipikin.blogspot.com/2019/12/quantum-vacuum-application-to-gravity.html